Annotated Bibliography

Drazin, Robert, and Ellen R. Auster. "Wage Differences Between Men And Women: Performance Appraisal Ratings Vs. Salary Allocation As The Locus Of Bias." Human Resource Management 26.2 (1987): 157-168. Business Source Complete. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article analyzes several different factors that have influenced the wage gap earned between men and women. Even though there have been many legal and social advances that have been made to achieve equality in the work place, women are still only earning about two-thirds of the wages that men are making. There have been studies that focus on the performance of women in the work place rather than on the general stereotypes of women. Many of the models used by researchers also analyze individual or human capital factors as the sources of wage differences between men and women. Some researchers also look at types of jobs, sexual segregation within jobs, and internal aspects of the work place to explain the wage difference among sexes.  

Tharenou, Phyllis. "The Work Of Feminists Is Not Yet Done: The Gender Pay Gap-A Stubborn Anachronism." Sex Roles 68.3/4 (2013): 198-206. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article explains the effects of societal issues will make it very difficult to overcome discrimination against women in the work force, especially in regards to the pay gap between men and women. It is stated that the issue of unequal pay wages needs to go beyond the aspects of human capital and focus more on the social psychological influences within our society. The author proceeds to explore the contributing influences of gender discrimination and stereotyping, concluding that actions at a societal level must be made in order to overcome the pay gap between men and women.

Corcoran, Mary, and Greg J. Duncan. "Work History, Labor Force Attachment, And Earnings Differences Between The Races And Sexes." Journal Of Human Resources 14.1 (1979): 3-20. Business Source Complete. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            Not only does this article focus on the differences in pay wages between the sexes, but also the effect that race has had on way wages in the work place. The author also investigates differences in work history, on-the-job training, absenteeism, and self-imposed restrictions on work hours and location to explain why there is such a significant difference in pay wages between men and women. Some arguments also take into account level of education and qualifications one holds in different jobs.

Wu, Huoying. "Can The Human Capital Approach Explain Life-Cycle Wage Differentials Between Races And Sexes?." Economic Inquiry 45.1 (2007): 24-39. EconLit. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article also talks about race along with gender to analyze the comparable difference in pay wages among men and women. The arguments within this article support human capital and labor theories to describe the evolution of pay wages among men and women, stating they have increased for women but that wages of men are still significantly higher.

Easton, Todd, and Mary C. King. "Differences In Wage Levels Among Metropolitan Areas: Less-Educated Workers In The United States." Regional Studies 34.1 (2000): 21-27. Sociological Collection. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article examines the education levels of men and women in metropolitan areas within the United States. The author analyzes several characteristics: the industry composition of employment for less-educated workers; union strength in the metropolitan labor market; the level of the minimum wage; the strength of labor demand; and the demographic composition of the labor market. According to research, industry composition and union strength appeared to have the most impact on the wages among those who are less educated in metropolitan areas: industry composition proved to be the most influential on wages of women. The author analyzes all of these different aspects of wage differences among men and women, and the education level of individuals.

Buckley, John E. "Pay Differences Between Men And Women In The Same Job." Monthly Labor Review 94.11 (1971): 36. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article compares the average wage earnings between men and women for establishments that employ both sexes. The main approach for this article was to analyze the wage gap between men and women who work for the same occupation and the different factors that influence the difference in pay earnings. One of the important factors discussed wage discrimination among the sexes.

Frank, Robert H. "Why Women Earn Less: The Theory And Estimation Of Differential Overqualification." American Economic Review 68.3 (1978): 360. Business Source Complete. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

            This article also supports the idea of wage discrimination between men and women to explain the wage gaps among the sexes. The average wage rate for females in the United States has been two-thirds of the average wage for males and has been that way for nearly more than two decades. The studies described in this article explored personal characteristics among individuals but still concluded that females are strongly discriminated against in regards to wage gap between sexes in the work place.